Disseminated dermatophytosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: literature review and presentation of clinical experience / Dermatofitose disseminada e síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida: revisão de literatura e apresentação de experiência clínica

Introduction: Dermatophytosis are very common fungal infections caused by the fungal species Microsporum, Epidermophyton or Trichophyton, which mostly affect the skin, the interdigital region, groin and scalp. Although they do not cause serious diseases, in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus the infection manifests itself and evolves exuberantly, usually with extensive and disseminated lesions. Objective: To review the literature on dermatophytosis in people living with human immunodeficiency virus and to present the experience in clinical care in a patient living with human immunodeficiency virus with extensive and disseminated dermatophytosis. Methods: A literature review on the topic was carried out in the PubMed/National Library of Medicine ­ USA databases, using the keywords dermatophytosis, or dermatophytosis associated with the words AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus or immunodeficiency, from 1988­2022. The clinical experience showed a patient living with human immunodeficiency virus developing AIDS and presenting with disseminated skin lesions. Samples of the lesion were collected by scraping, which were submitted to culture and there was growth of fungi of the Trichophyton sp genus. A biopsy of the lesion was also performed using the Grocott-Gomori's Methenamine Silver stain. Results: We found 1,014 articles, of which only 34 presented a direct correlation with our paper, and were used to discuss the main themes narrated in this article. We present clinical experience in the management of a patient with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS and low adherence to antiretroviral treatment, showing extensive and disseminated erythematous-squamous lesions with a clinical diagnosis of tinea corporis, manifesting with a clinical picture usually not found in immunocompetent patients. The diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory tests with isolation of the Trichophyton sp fungus. The patient was treated with oral fluconazole, with complete remission of the clinical picture after two months. She was also thoroughly encouraged to use the prescribed antiretroviral medication correctly. Conclusion: Dermatophytosis in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus can present extensive and disseminated forms. The antifungal treatment is quite effective, with remission of the condition. Antiretroviral therapy is an important adjuvant for better recovery of the sickness.

Introdução: Dermatofitoses são infecções comuns, causadas pelas espécies fúngicas Microsporum, Epidermophyton ou Trichophyton, que acometem preferencialmente a pele da região interdigital, da virilha e do couro cabeludo. Apesar de não causar doenças graves, em pacientes portadores do vírus da imunodeficiência humana, a infecção se manifesta e evolui de forma exuberante, normalmente com lesões extensas e disseminadas. Objetivo: Fazer revisão de literatura sobre dermatofitose em pessoas vivendo com vírus da imunodeficiência humana e apresentar a experiência na atenção clínica em uma paciente vivendo com o vírus e dermatofitose extensa e disseminada. Métodos: A revisão de literatura sobre o tema baseou-se nos dados do Pubmed/National Library of Medicine, dos Estados Unidos, utilizando-se as palavras-chave dermatofitose, dermatofitose e AIDS, dermatofitose e vírus da imunodeficiência humana, e dermatofitose e imunodeficiência, de 1988­2022. Descreveu-se a experiência clínica na abordagem de uma paciente vivendo com vírus da imunodeficiência humana, a qual desenvolveu AIDS e apresentou lesões cutâneas disseminadas. Por raspado, foram coletadas amostras da lesão e submetidas à cultura, e constatou-se crescimento de fungos do gênero Trichophyton sp. Realizou-se também biópsia da lesão, corada pelo método da metenamina de prata de Grocott-Gomori. Resultados: Foram encontrados 1.014 artigos, dos quais apenas 34 apresentaram correlação direta com nosso trabalho, e foram utilizados para discorrer sobre os principais temas narrados neste artigo. Apresentou-se experiência clínica na abordagem de uma paciente com vírus da imunodeficiência humana/AIDS e baixa adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral, exibindo lacerações eritematoescamosas extensas e disseminadas, com diagnóstico clínico de Tinea corporis, manifestando-se com quadro clínico usualmente não encontrado em pacientes imunocompetentes. O diagnóstico foi confirmado por exames laboratoriais com isolamento do fungo Trichophyton sp. Tratada com fluconazol via oral, a paciente apresentou remissão parcial das infecções aos dois meses e completa aos seis meses. Também foi exaustivamente estimulada a usar corretamente a medicação antirretroviral prescrita. Conclusão: A dermatofitose em pacientes com vírus da imunodeficiência humana pode se apresentar de forma extensa e disseminada. O tratamento antifúngico é eficaz, com remissão do quadro. A terapia antirretroviral é importante adjuvante para melhor recuperação dos enfermos

Occurrence of dermatophytoses in patients from the Sistema Único de Saúde

Abstract: Background: Dermatophytosis is a cutaneous disease caused by filamentous keratinophilic fungi belonging to the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton, which present a high prevalence in the general population, being among the most common mycoses affecting about 20% of the world's population. Objective: To carry out the epidemiological survey of cases of dermatophytosis in patients from the Sistema Único de Saúde in a regional Laboratory in the period of 5 years (2009 to 2013). Methods: A retrospective study (January 2009 to December 2013) was carried out with a qualitative and quantitative design, through the registry book of the laboratory, Mycology Sector, where cases of patients with suspected dermatomycosis were analyzed. Results: In a 5-year period, a total of 4467 cases were suspected of having a fungal infection. Of these, 68.74% (3071) cases were of dermatomycosis. In relation to cultures with fungal growth, 12.54% (385 cases) were dermatophyte fungi and 7.97% (245 cases) non-dermatophyte fungi were isolated. Among the species identified, there was a higher prevalence of T. rubrum complex (75%), T. mentagrophytes complex (11.68%) and M. canis (7.01%). Regarding the sites analyzed, nail involvement was the most frequent in 75% of the cases. Study Limitations: This work is representative in the studied region. Conclusions: Dermatomycosis samples are the most frequent among all samples of fungal infections from these patients, with the nail being the most affected area and the fungi T. rubrum complex and T. mentagrophytes complex the most frequent.

Etiologia das dermatofitoses diagnosticadas em pacientes atendidos no Laboratório de Micologia Médica no Centro de Biociências da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, entre 2014-2017 / Diagnosed dermatophytosis etiology in patients at the Laboratory of Medical Mycology at the Center of Biosciences of the Federal University of Pernambuco, in 2014-2017

Objetivo: As dermatofitoses afetam boa parte da população mundial, sendo possível observar diferentes padrões de distribuição regional em relação aos tipos e frequências de espécies isoladas. No Brasil, estas diferenças nos padrões são observadas em diversas regiões, entretanto poucos dados foram publicados na região Nordeste nos últimos anos, gerando uma lacuna de informação sobre o tema. Este trabalho teve como objetivo atualizar os dados sobre a incidência de dermatofitose na região. Métodos: Foram agrupadas as dermatofitoses confirmadas em pacientes atendidos no Laboratório de Micologia Médica da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, no período de janeiro de 2014 a junho de 2017, avaliando- se as possíveis mudanças nas espécies prevalentes. Resultados: Foram analisados 2.893 laudos, onde 268 foram positivos para dermatofitoses. O sítio de infecção variou significativamente conforme a faixa etária. Quanto à etiologia, o gênero Trichophyton foi isolado em um total de 252 amostras, o gênero Microsporum em 9 amostras e o gênero Epidermophyton em 7 amostras. Conclusão: Sobre a frequência das espécies, Trichophyton rubrum foi o agente etiológico predominante, semelhante ao já relatado em várias regiões do Brasil e do mundo, bem como em estudos anteriores da região. O dermatófito zoofílico mais comum foi Microsporum canis, corroborando com uma tendência já relatada por alguns autores. Trichophyton mentagrophytes foi isolado com maior frequência em pé e pele glabra, local em que se constitui um dos agentes etiológicos mais importantes. Contudo, foi observado um declínio significativo na sua detecção em todas as localizações, o que corrobora com estudos anteriores realizados na mesma região.

Frecuencia de Epidermophyton floccosum en dermatofitos aislados en un laboratorio de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile. Período 1980-2010 / Frequency of Epidermophyton floccosum in isolated dermatophytea laboratory from the Region of Valparaiso, Chile. Time frame: 1990-2010

Resumen Introducción: Las dermatofitosis son infecciones comunes en humanos, provocadas por hongos de los géneros Trichophyton, Microsporum y Epidermophyton. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de E. floccosum en dermatofitos aislados en un laboratorio de la Región de Valparaíso durante las últimas tres décadas. Conocer las localizaciones más frecuentes, los grupos etarios y sexo de los pacientes afectados por este agente. Materiales y Método: Se revisaron los informes de cultivos superficiales con desarrollo de E. floccosum, Microsporum spp y Trichophyton spp de las tres últimas décadas del laboratorio de Micología de la Universidad de Valparaíso. Se registró en una planilla Excel el resultado del cultivo, edad, sexo y ubicación de la lesión de los pacientes. Resultados: El total de dermatofitosis con agente identificado fue de 6.780. En 26 casos hubo desarrollo de E. floccosum, de éstos, 73% (19/26) fueron en hombres y con una edad promedio de 37 años. La frecuencia disminuyó progresivamente desde la década de los ochenta hasta la del 2000. El grupo etario más afectados fue el de 36-60 años. Las localizaciones más frecuentemente afectadas fueron la planta y uñas de los pies. Conclusiones: Existe una disminución progresiva de la frecuencia de aislamiento de E. floccosum en el período estudiado. El sexo masculino y el grupo etario de 36-60 años fueron los más afectados. Las localizaciones más frecuentes fueron la planta y uñas de los pies.

Background: Dermatophytoses are frequent infections in human, which are produced by fungus genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. Aim: To determine frequency of E. floccosum in isolated dermatophyte in a laboratory from Valparaíso during the last three decades, in addition to knowing the most frequent localization, age and gender of patients affected by this agent. Method: All superficial culture reports, issued by the Universidad de Valparaíso's mycology laboratory in the last three decades, with E. floccosum, Microsporum spp and Trichophyton spp development, has been reviewed. Patients age, gender, location of the injury and culture report has been registered in an excel spreadsheet. Results: The total number of reports with dermatophyte development in the culture was 6,780. Only 26 cases show E. floccosum development, 73% of this (19/26) were present on men with and average age of 37 years. Frequency did progressively fall since eighty's until 2000 decade. The age group most affected by this etiological agent was 30-36 years. The most frequently localization in both man and woman were foot plant and nails. Conclusions: Frequency of isolation did decrease progressively in dermatophytose by E. floccosum for the study period. Masculine gender and 36-60 age group were the most affected. The most frequently localization were foot plant and nails.

Topical Treatment of Onychomycosis / 대한의진균학회지

Onychomycosis is one of the most common diseases of the nails caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and non-dermatophytic molds. Among the onychomycosis, tinea unguium occurred by dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum. Treatment options of onychomycosis include oral and topical antifungal agents, surgery or a combination therapy of theses modalities. The complete remission of onychomycosis requires long-term treatment with systemic and topical antifungal agents and recurrences and re-infections are common. In this review, we provide insights on the topical antifungal agents in onychomycosis and introduce new topical antifungal agents.

Perfil de susceptibilidad in vitro de aislados clínicos de microsporum canis a los antifungicos griseofulvina, itraconazol, voriconazol, terbinafina y anfotericina B / In vitro susceptibility profile of clinical isolates of microsporum canis to the antifungals griseofulvin, itraconazole, voriconazole, terbinafine and amphotericin B

Las dermatofitosis son las micosis superficiales más frecuentes en el humano y son causados por hongos de los géneros: Trichophyton Microsporum y Epidermophyton. En Venezuela son el principal motivo de consulta dermatológica, constituyendo un verdadero problema de salud pública por su alta morbilidad. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer el perfil de susceptibilidad in vitro de los aislados clínicos de Microsporum canis de pacientes pediátricos que asisten a la Consulta de Micología del Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital Universitario de Caracas, a cinco antifúngicos a través del método del CLSI (M38-A2). De un total de 50 aislados de dermatofitos, el rango de los valores de concentración mínima inhibitoria en µg/ml (CMI) para Griseofulvina, Itraconazol, Voriconazol, Terbinafina y Anfotericina B fueron respectivamente: <0,03 ­ 0,125; <0,0019 ­ 0,0078; <0,0019 ­ 0,0078; <0,0019 ­ 0,0156 y 0,03 ­ 0,5. Por método visual se determinaron los puntos de corte epidemiológicos (PCE) para los 5 antifúngicos en estudio obteniéndose los siguientes datos: Griseofulvina ≤ 0,125, Itraconazol ≤ 0, 0039, Voriconazol ≤0,0078, Terbinafina ≤ 0, 0156 µg/ml y Anfotericina B ≤ 0, 5. En este estudio se determinó la susceptibilidad de los aislados a todos los antifúngicos en estudio, demostrando una alta actividad in vitro para el tratamiento de Tinea capitis.

The dermatophytes are frequently superficial mycoses in humans, are caused by fungi of the genera: Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. In Venezuela are the main reasons for dermatological consultation, constituting a public health problem because of its high morbidity. The aim of the study was to determine in vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of Microsporum canis of pediatric patients attending to dermatology Caracas University Hospital, five antifungal by CLSI method (M38 -A2). The total of 50 isolates dermatophytes, the range of values of minimum inhibitory concentration (CMI) in µg/ml for Griseofulvin, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Terbinafine and Amphotericin B were: <0.03 ­ 0.125; <0.0019 ­ 0.0078; <0.0019 ­ 0.0078; <0.0019 ­ 0.0156 and 0.03 ­ 0.5. For visual were determined epidemiological cut-off (PCE) for the 5 antifungal study obtained the following data: Griseofulvina ≤ 0.125, Itraconazol ≤ 0.0039, Voriconazol ≤0.0078, Terbinafina ≤ 0.0156 µg/ml and Anfotericina B ≤ 0.5. In this study we determined the susceptibility of isolates to all the antifungal study, demonstrating a high activity in vitro for the treatment of tinea capitis.

Bioactive metabolites from Guignardia sp., an endophytic fungus residing in Undaria pinnatifida / 中国天然药物

AIM@#To isolate new and/or bioactive constituents from EtOAc extract of liquid culture of endophyte Guignardia sp. from the leaves of Undaria pinnatifida (Harv.) Sur.@*METHODS@#Isolation and purification were performed through silica gel column chromatograph, Sephadex LH-20 and reversed-phase ODS column and the structures of the compounds obtained were identified through a combination of spectral and chemical methods (IR, MS, (1)H and (13)C NMR). In vitro bioactive assays including antifungal activity against three human pathogenic fungi Microsporum canis, Tricophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosom and cytotoxic activity against the human nasopharyngeal epidermoid tumor KB cell line were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#Seven compounds have been obtained from the liquid culture of the title endophyte: ergosterol peroxide (6, 22-diene-5, 8-epidioxyergosta-3-ol) (1), ergosterol (2), cyclo-(Tyr-Leu) (3), cyclo-(Phe-Phe) (4), cyclo-(Val-Leu) (5), cyclo-(Phe-Pro) (6) and cyclo-(Leu-Ile) (7). Compounds 1-3 and 6 inhibited the growth of M. canis with MICs of 10.0, 20.0, 50.0 and 5.0 μg·mL(-1), respectively and compounds 1, 2 and 6 against T. rubrum with MICs of 15.0, 20.0 and 10.0 μg·mL(-1), respectively and 1 and 6 against E. floccosom with MICs of 20.0 and 50.0 μg·mL(-1), respectively. In addition, compounds 1, 3 and 6 exhibited cytotoxic activity against KB cell line with IC(50) of 20.0, 10.0, 10.0 μg·mL(-1), respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#Compounds 1-7 were obtained from Guignardia sp. of U. pinnatifida for the first time, and compounds 1 and 6 had potent cytotoxic and antifungal activity.

Dermatofitosis en estudiantes de la Institución Educativa "San Juan de la Frontera", Ayacucho, Perú, 2010 / Dermatophytosis among children of San Juan de la Frontera School, Ayacucho, Peru, 2010

Objetivo: Conocer la frecuencia de la dermatofitosis en los estudiantes de la Institución Educativa ôSan Juan de la Fronteraõ del Asentamiento Humano ôJuan Velasco Alvaradoõ, Ayacucho. Métodos: Se estudió a los estudiantes matriculados en el año escolar 2010 en la IE ôSan Juan de la Fronteraõ. Fueron incluidos todos los estudiantes con signos de micosis superficial. Se ubicaron las zonas afectadas y se desinfectaron con alcohol, con un bisturí desinfectado se raspó suavemente para quitar las escamas los que fueron colocadas en sobres de papel oscuro. Las muestras de los espacios interdigitales se tomaron con ayuda de una torunda estéril. Se realizó el examen directo en la lámina porta objetos con KOH al 10%. Las muestras se cultivaron en placas petri conteniendo agar Sabouraud, se incubaron a 25ºC por 15 días. Se identificó con base en las características macroscópicas y microscópicas de las colonias. Resultados: Se halló una frecuencia de 68% de dermatofitosis, 47% en muestras de los espacios interdigitales, 61.8% en niños que crían animales domésticos, 88.2% en aquellos cuyo piso de la vivienda es de tierra, no se encontró diferencia por género. Conclusiones: Concluimos que la dermatofitosis en un problema muy frecuente en los estudiantes de la Institución Educativa ôSan Juan de la Fronteraõ, la zona anatómica más afectada fue el espacio interdigital y la especie más aislada T. mentagrophytes.

Objective: Knowing the frequency of dermatophytosis in students of School San Juan de la Frontera from the slum ôJuan Velasco Alvaradoõ,Ayacucho. Methods: Population: Students enrolled in the school year 2010 in the San Juan de la Frontera School. Sample Size: Included all students with signs of superficial mycoses. Biological sample collection: Affected areas were located and disinfected with alcohol, with a disinfected scalpel gently scraped to remove the scales that were placed in brown paper envelopes. Samples of the interdigital spaces were taken using a sterile swab. It was held in the sheet glass slide with 10% KOH. The samples were cultured in petri dishes containing Sabouraud agar, incubated at 25 ° C for 15 days. Was made based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the colonies. Results: We found a frequency of 68% of dermatophytosis, 47% in samples from the interdigital spaces, 61.8% for children who raise pets, 88.2% in those whose house floor is dirt, there was no difference gender. Dermatophytosis conclude that a very common problem among students of San Juan de la Frontera School, the anatomic area most affected was the interdigital space, the most commonly isolated T. mentagrophytes.

Epidemiologia das dermatomicoses em população da periferia de Araraquara - SP / Epidemiology of dermatomycoses in population in the outskirts of Araraquara - SP

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Dermatomicoses são doenças fúngicas que acometem a pele, unhas e cabelos de homens e animais, sendo altamente prevalentes na América Latina. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar lesões características de micoses em frequentadores de Albergues e na população da periferia da cidade de Araraquara, SP. MÉTODO: Os voluntários que participaram da pesquisa foram atendidos na Casa Transitória e nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do município de Araraquara – SP no ano de 2007. Foi realizada uma triagem de dermatomicoses, aquelas lesões que apresentavam características semelhantes foram submetidas à coleta, através de raspado de pele, unha, cabelo, sendo as amostras biológicas armazenadas em placas estéreis para o posterior processamento do material micológico. Após exame direto e cultura desses materiais, foram identificados os principais fungos responsáveis pelas lesões. RESULTADOS: Das 93 amostras coletadas, 40 (43%) foram positivas somente em cultura (sendo que 22 (23,6%) para dermatofitose, 15 (16,2%) para leveduras do gênero Candida e 3 (3,2%) para agentes de micoses superficiais), 15 (16,2%) amostras positivas para fungos, no exame direto não foi possível isolamento em cultura e 38 (40,8%) amostras negativas. O resultado mostrou que os pés foram as áreas anatômicas mais acometidas, a faixa etária entre 41e 50 anos foi a mais atingida e ambos os sexos apresentaram o mesmo número de casos de dermatomicose. CONCLUSÃO: Esse estudo permitiu conhecer a epidemiologia das dermatomicoses, embora essas desordens não sejam sérias em termos de mortalidade, lesões físicas e/ou psicológicas, elas têm significativa consequência clínica, com lesões crônicas, de difícil tratamento, contagiosas, além de problemas estéticos.

[Surveillance of dermatophytosis and the causative agents among children referred to pasteur institute of Iran from 2005 to 2006]

Superficial fungal infections of the skin, including the dermatophytosis, are a public health problem. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of fungal infections and identify the causative agents of dermatophytosis and other related factors in children in Tehran, Iran. In this descriptive study a total of 984 children aged 2 months to 14 years, who were referred to the Medical Mycology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, in Tehran, in 2005 and 2006, were surveyed for the presence of dermatophytosis infections. All children were referred with a dermatological disorder, for direct examination, fungal culture and identification, and the incidence of each species was calculated. In this study 264 cases were positive for fungal infections. The patients comprised of 182 male and 82 female. This study found a high prevalence of tinea corporis [51.7%] and tinea capitis [36.8%] in the population studied, with high proportions of Trichophyton tonsurans. The most frequently isolated etiological agent was Trichophyton tonsurans [44%], followed by Trichophyton verrucosum [19.6%]. Epidermophyton floccosum [10.5%], Microsporum canis [6.75%] and Trichophyton violaceum [6.75%], Trichophyton rubrum [4.8%], and Trichophyton mentagrophytes [4.8%], and Trichophyton schoenIeinii [2.8%] infections occurred sporadically among patients. A male preponderance [69%] was observed. In the present study 19.7% of our patients participated in wrestling. Our experience has confirmed previous observations that during recent years there has been an increase in incidence of dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton tonsurans, in children. Consequently, development of infection control programs can be a challenging task. These findings suggest that further measures regarding public health and personal hygiene have to be taken to reduce the risk of dermatophytosis in Iran

Tinea incognito due to epidermophyton floccosum

Tinea incognito is a cutaneous infection with atypical clinical characteristics. Disease is usually caused by administration of steroids. We describe a 25-year-old man who presented with local lesion in groin being treated with corticosteroid. Epidermophyton floccosum, an anthropophilic species, was identified by mycological examinations, direct and culture

Epidemiologia, etiologia e formas clínicas das dermatofitoses em Pernambuco, 1995-2005 / Epidemiology, etiology and clinical presentation of dermatophytosis in Pernambuco, 1995-2005

Num total de 1.238 casos de dermatofitoses, ocorridas na Cidade de Recife /PE, observou-se predomínio das tinhas de couro cabeludo (33,7 por cento) e Trichophyton tonsurans (25,5 por cento), entre 1995 e 1999, enquanto as tinhas de pele glabra (35,5 por cento) e Trichophyton rubrum (34 por cento) foram mais freqüentes entre 2000 e 2005. Detectou-se importante redução do Trichophyton mentagrophytes, no último período.

Out of a total of 1,238 cases of dermatophytosis in the city of Recife (Pernambuco), lesions of the scalp (33.7 percent) and Trichophyton tonsurans (25.5 percent) predominated between 1995 and 2000, while lesions of the hairless skin (35.5 percent) and Trichophyton rubrum (34 percent) were the most frequent between 2000 and 2005. A significant reduction in Trichophyton mentagrophytes was detected in the second of these periods.

Antifungal Activity of Clove Essential Oil and its Volatile Vapour Against Dermatophytic Fungi

Antifungal activities of clove essential oil and its volatile vapour against dermatophytic fungi including Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum. Microsporum audouinii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichophyton rubrum were investigated. Both clove essential oil and its volatile vapour strongly inhibit spore germination and mycelial growth of the dermatophytic fungi tested. The volatile vapour of clove essential oil showed fungistatic activity whereas direct application of clove essential oil showed fungicidal activity.

Tiña corporis y tiña capitis / Tinea corporis and tinea capitis

La tiña es una infección de la piel, piel cabelluda, uñas o pelo causada por hongos dermatofíticos que invaden el estrato corneo y usan la queratina como nutriente. Existen tres géneros de dermatofitos: Trichophyton, Epidermophyton y Microspurum.

The Frequency of Tinea Pedis in Patients with Tinea Cruris / 대한의진균학회지

BACKGROUND: There have been many studies about concurrent infection with tinea cruris and tinea pedis as a part of dermatophytosis in Korea. However, few studies have been reported about actual percentage regarding the frequency of tinea pedis in patients with tinea cruris and comparison of the causative organisms in the groin and foot. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of tinea pedis in patients with tinea cruris and the causative organisms in the groin and foot. METHODS: We examined clinical characteristics, frequency of tinea cruris, and causative organism on one hundred and eight nine cases with tinea cruris at the department of dermatology, Dongguk University Hospital from September 2000 to August 2005. RESULTS: The ratio of male to female patients was 10.8:1. Besides most of them were between the twenties and forties. Most (74.6%) of them involved both sites of the groin. Duration of tinea cruris was the most common within one year. The frequency of tinea pedis in patients with tinea cruris was 85.7%. Most of them (69.1%), duration of tinea pedis was longer than that of tinea cruris. One hundred and thirty nine dermatophytes were isolated from 189 patients with tinea cruris. They were Trichophyton(T.) rubrum (89.2%), T. mentagrophytes (7.2%), and Epidermophyton floccosum (3.6%). Of one hundred and sixty two patients with both tinea cruris and tinea pedis, 52 patients (32.1%) had same species and only four patients (2.5%) had different species in the groin and foot. CONCLUSION: Because of the high incidence of concurrent infection with tinea cruris and tinea pedis, we suggest the need of a careful mycological examination for foot in patients with tinea cruris.

Changing Patterns of Dermatophytosis and Its Causative Agents according to Social and Economic Developments in Korea / 대한의진균학회지

Deramtophytosis is one of common dermatoses and occupied 10~20% of all dermatologic outpatients in Korea. It has close relationship between host (human) and dermatophytes. Their clinical patterns and incidence, and their causative dermatophytes may change with social environments and life patterns; Some dermatophytes may decrease or disappear and others can be imported from other countries. During recent 60 years, GNP has been increased explosively, more than 190 folds, and that economic developments brought abrupt changes of social environments and life patterns in Korea. Furthermore, there had been great social events; Korean War in 1950~1953, the Asian Game in 1986, the Olympic Game in 1988 and the World Cup in 2002. Those events gave much chances for dermatophytes to move and change. Trends of clinical types of dermatophytosis and their causative dermatophytes were evaluated with reported articles during the period. Tinea capitis showed the most dramatic changes. Its incidence was the highest just after Korean war, 24.5% of all primary school students, and decreased abruptly by 26.5% of all dermatophytosis in late 1950s, 4.9% in late 1960s, and 2~4% since 1970s. Microsporum(M.) ferrugineum was the most common isolates till 1970s, and abruptly decreased and now nearly disappeared. Trichophyton(T.) violaceum was isolated in Cheju island. After Korean war, T. schoenleinii was isolated from favus and disappeared. M. canis was isolated for the first time in 1959 and has been the most common isolates from tinea capitis since late 1970s. T. verrucosum was isolated for the first time in 1986 in Kwangju and has been isolated nation-widely. T. tonsurans was isolated for the first time in 1995 in Daegu and spread among wrestlers, Judo players and Korean wrestlers. It might be imported by wrestlers with sport exchanging program. Tinea pedis is the most common dermatophytosis in Korea now. It was 26% of all dermatophytosis in late 1950s, and increased by 40.9~42.2% in 1970s. And tinea unguium has been increased as tinea pedis does; It was 2.8% of all dermatophytosis in late 1950s, and increased by 5.1~14.2% in 1970s, 5.5~15.3% in 1870s and 17% in 1990s. The patiets with tinea pedis have high family infection and also high coexisting dermatophytosis. The most common isolate was T. rubrum, followed by T. mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum. Tinea cruris was one of dramatically changed dermatophytosis. Its incidence was 5% of all dermatophytosis in 1940s, and increased by 10.2% in late 1950s, and 26.6~39.1% in 1970s. Environments and socioeconomic conditions are changing, and international travel and sports exchanging program are increasing. All those social events may cause new dermatophytes to invade from other countries. We should check it carefully and continuously.

Superficial Cutaneous Mycoses in Korea / 한양의대학술지

Superficial cutaneous mycosis is mycotic infection of the epidermis of the skin, and one of common dermatoses in Korea. They have close relationship between host (human) and fungi. Their clinical patterns and incidence, and their causative fungi may change with social environments and life patterns. Since 1945, GNP has been increased explosively, more than 243 folds, and economic developments brought abrupt changes of social environments and life patterns in Korea. Furthermore, there had been great social events during this period; Korean War in 1950-1953, the Asian Game in 1986, the Olympic Game in 1988 and the World Cup in 2002. Those events gave much chances for dermatophytes to move and change. Tinea pedis is the most common dermatophytosis and has been increased from 26% of all dermatophytosis in late 1950s to 40.9-42.2%. And tinea unguium(onychomycosis) has been increased as tinea pedis does; Its proportion was 2.8% in late 1950s, and 17% in 1990s. The patients with tinea pedis have high family infection rate and also have high coexisting dermatophytosis. The most common isolate was Trichophyton(T.) rubrum, followed by T. mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum. Tinea capitis showed the most dramatic changes; its incidence was the highest just after Korean war and decreased abruptly since 1970s. Microsporum(M.) ferrugineum was the most common isolates till 1970s, and abruptly decreased and now nearly disappeared. Trichophyton(T.) violaceum was isolated in Cheju island. After Korean war, T. schoenleinii was isolated from favus and is disappeared. M. canis was isolated for the first time in 1959 and has been the most common isolates since late 1970s. T. verrucosum was isolated in 1986, and T. tonsurans was isolated for the first time in 1995 and spread among wrestlers, Judo players and Korean wrestlers. It might be imported by wrestlers with sport exchanging program. In cidence of tinea cruris was dramatically changed and was 5% of all dermatophytosis in 1940s, and 26.6-39.1% in 1990s. Those changes might be related to change of life patterns. Proportion of cutaneous candidiasis among superficial cutaneous mycosis was 1.9% in 1960s, 6.7% in 1973, 14.6% in 1976-1985, and 7.4% in 1989-1992. Proportion of pityriasis versicolor among superficial cutaneous mycosis was 12.1% in 1973, 7.7% in 1976-1985, and 7.7% in 1989-1992. Research for Malassezia have been increasing since late 1990s and that will bring us many new informations.

Pathogenic aspects of Epidermophyton floccosum langeron et milochevitch as possible aethiological agent of Tinea capits

O propósito desta pesquisa foi verificar a capacidade de 15 isolados de Epidermophyton floccosum perfurarem cabelo in vitro e caracterizar quanto a fatores de patogenicidade como crescimento a 37ºC e produção de proteinase e fosfolipase. Dos isolados, 14 perfuraram o cabelo tendo 12 formado órgãos de perfuração. Todos os isolados cresceram a 37ºC e secretaram proteinase, mas não fosfolipase. Nossos resultados sugerem E. floccosum como possível agente etiológico de tinea capitis.

Comparison of trypsin treatment method and standard laboratory technique for diagnosis of dermatomycosis.

Dermatomycosis is prevalent worldwide. Discrepancy between microscopic examination and culture findings can create problems in the diagnosis of this common infection. In this study, samples from 60 patients were processed after trypsin treatment and examined by neutral red staining to distinguish viable and non-viable fungal elements. The trypsin treatment method was compared with standard laboratory techniques. A higher number of direct-microscopy-positive, culture-negative samples were obtained without trypsin treatment. Trypsin treatment increased the isolation of fungi from clinical samples, and neutral red staining was able to distinguish viable fungal elements.